Introduction: A Silent Revolution in Cancer Research The emergence of patient-derived organoids (PDOs) has quietly transformed oncology, enabling models that closely mirror human tumors. These three-dimensional structures, established from patient tissues—spanning gastrointestinal, pulmonary, breast, and other cancers—recreate key features of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and preserve intratumoral heterogeneity. As powerful platforms for drug screening, neoantigen…