Introduction: Polymicrobial infections in chronic lung disease Microbial communities shape energy flow and disease outcomes across ecosystems, including human chronic infections. In the lungs of COPD and cystic fibrosis patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa often coexists with oral streptococci such as Streptococcus salivarius. These interactions influence virulence, antibiotic response, and disease progression. This study investigates how the…