Tag: informal economy
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West Africa’s Glittering Cities, Growing Urban Divide
Introduction: The paradox of rapid urban growth Across West Africa, skylines are rising and investment is pouring in, especially along the region’s bustling coastlines. From Lagos to Abidjan, gleaming new developments sit beside crowded neighborhoods that lack reliable water, electricity, or affordable housing. This paradox is not just a headline—it’s a lived reality for millions…
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State Audit: Latvia’s Shadow Economy Plans—Are They Working?
Introduction: Latvia’s ongoing fight against the shadow economy The shadow economy, or informal economic activity not reflected in official statistics or taxed according to regulations, has long posed a challenge for Latvia. Since 2010, the country has sharpened its focus on reducing unreported work, evasion, and the broader tax gap. The central question confronting policymakers…