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Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) remains a leading cause of stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular mortality worldwide. Beyond rhythm control decisions, clinicians increasingly rely on prognostic…

Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a leading cause of stroke, heart failure, and cardiovascular morbidity. While rhythm control strategies—including catheter ablation—offer symptom relief and improved…

Overview: DOACs, NVAF, and the role of cardiac hemodynamics Non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) requires careful stroke prevention, with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) such as apixaban,…
