What is gingivitis?
Gingivitis is the early, inflammation-based stage of gum disease. It occurs when the gums (the gingiva) react to the bacteria in dental plaque, a sticky film that forms on teeth. While often painless at first, gingivitis can cause red, swollen gums and gums that bleed when you brush or floss. If caught early, it’s highly treatable and reversible.
What does gingivitis look like?
Common signs include:
- Gums that look red or dark pink near the tooth line
- Swelling or puffiness in the gums
- Bleeding gums during brushing or flossing
- Persistent bad breath (halitosis) without an obvious cause
Gingivitis can affect one or several teeth and may herald a more serious form of gum disease if not treated. It is usually painless in its early stages, which is why regular dental checkups are important for catching it sooner.
What causes gingivitis?
Several factors increase the risk and severity of gingivitis:
- Inadequate oral hygiene leading to plaque buildup
- Hormonal changes during puberty, pregnancy, or use of certain birth control methods
- Medical conditions such as diabetes or diseases that reduce saliva production
- Medications that affect gums or saliva
- Infections (bacterial, viral, or fungal) or trauma from aggressive brushing
Persistent gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a more serious condition where the supporting bone around teeth is damaged, potentially leading to tooth loss if untreated.
Can I treat gingivitis at home?
In its early stages (a few days of symptoms), diligent brushing and flossing can help remove plaque and reduce inflammation. If plaque becomes calcified into calculus, a dental professional will need to remove it with scaling tools. After professional cleaning, gingivitis typically improves with good daily oral care.
Home care tips include:
- Brush at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste
- Floss daily to remove plaque between teeth
- Rinse with an antimicrobial mouthwash if advised by your dentist
- Limit sugary foods and tobacco use, which can worsen gum health
If gingivitis is linked to an infection or another health issue, addressing that underlying problem is essential for recovery.
Does mouthwash help?
Mouthwash can reduce the bacterial load in plaque and may aid healing after professional treatment. Chlorhexidine mouthwash is sometimes prescribed for a short period (up to two weeks) to support healing. Long-term use is not recommended due to potential side effects such as tooth staining and altered taste. Alcohol-free versions can be a better option for dry mouths and for those sensitive to alcohol.
When should I see a dentist?
See a dental professional if you notice persistent red, swollen, or bleeding gums, or bad breath that doesn’t go away with at-home care. Regular checkups help detect gingivitis and other issues early. If gingivitis has progressed to periodontitis, you’ll likely need more extensive treatment and possibly a specialist referral.
Prevention and long-term care
The best defense against gingivitis is consistent oral hygiene and routine dental visits. Brushing for two minutes twice daily, flossing once a day, and keeping up with dental cleanings every six months can prevent recurrence. If you’re pregnant, managing diabetes, or taking medications that affect your gums, talk with your dentist about tailored care plans to protect your gum health.
