World Arthritis Day shines a spotlight on how arthritis affects women differently—and what can be done to protect joint health. While arthritis inflames and stiffens joints for people worldwide, research consistently shows that women are disproportionately affected by several forms of arthritis, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). An expert in orthopedics explains five key factors behind this gender gap and offers actionable strategies to reduce risk and preserve mobility.
1) Hormonal factors: estrogen and joint health
Estrogen plays a vital role in maintaining bone density and joint resilience. As women transition through menopause, estrogen levels decline, which can contribute to increased inflammation and accelerated joint degeneration. Dr. Ashwani Maichand, Director of Orthopedics at CK Birla Hospital in New Delhi, notes that this hormonal shift makes postmenopausal women more susceptible to arthritis. While menopause is a natural phase of life, awareness of its impact on joints allows women to take proactive steps—such as maintaining bone health, engaging in joint-friendly activity, and seeking early evaluation if stiffness or pain escalates.
2) Autoimmune predisposition: a stronger immune response with a cost
Women generally mount a more robust immune response than men. While this helps protect against infections, it also increases the risk of autoimmune conditions that attack joint tissues. Rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are more common in women due to this immune profile. Dr. Maichand stresses that recognizing autoimmune risk factors early can lead to timely diagnosis and tailored treatment plans, potentially slowing disease progression and preserving function.
3) Joint structure and biomechanics
Anatomical differences in women, such as wider hips and more flexible joints, influence biomechanics and load distribution across the lower limbs. These structural traits can place extra stress on knees and hips, heightening susceptibility to OA, especially when compounded by weight gain or repetitive strain. Understanding this predisposition helps women focus on joint-supportive strategies, including targeted strengthening and proper movement patterns to protect alignment.
4) Pregnancy and childbirth: temporary and long-term effects
Pregnancy introduces hormonal surges and physical changes that can temporarily loosen ligaments and alter joint stability. While many women recover, repeated pregnancies, excessive weight gain, or insufficient postnatal care may contribute to longer-term joint discomfort, particularly in the lower back, knees, and ankles. Dr. Maichand emphasizes that monitoring weight, staying active with appropriate exercises, and seeking care for persistent joint pain after pregnancy can reduce future arthritis risk.
5) Lifestyle and weight factors: how daily choices matter
Weight fluctuations driven by hormonal cycles, pregnancy, and menopause can increase joint load, accelerating cartilage wear. Moreover, sedentary behavior and inadequate muscle-strengthening activity leave joints less protected during daily tasks. While biology sets certain risks, lifestyle choices have a meaningful impact on arthritis development and progression. Small, consistent improvements in activity and nutrition can yield meaningful joint benefits over time.
Practical steps to reduce arthritis risk
According to Dr. Maichand, several everyday measures can support joint health and reduce arthritis risk:
- Maintain a healthy weight to ease pressure on weight-bearing joints.
- Stay active with low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, or yoga to preserve flexibility and strengthen supporting muscles.
- Eat anti-inflammatory foods rich in omega-3s, nuts, leafy greens, and fruits.
- Protect joints through good posture and strategies to minimize repetitive strain in daily tasks.
When to seek medical advice
Early recognition of persistent joint pain or stiffness is important. If joint symptoms interfere with daily activities, sleep, or quality of life, consult an orthopedic specialist or rheumatologist. A tailored plan—combining exercise, weight management, and, when appropriate, medical therapy—can help manage symptoms and protect mobility as women age.
World Arthritis Day serves as a reminder that understanding gender-specific risk factors empowers women to take control of their joint health. With proactive lifestyle choices and timely medical guidance, women can maintain mobility, independence, and a higher quality of life across the years ahead.
