Background: HPV, Genital Warts, and the Peruvian Context
Genital warts are one of the most common manifestations of the human papillomavirus (HPV). In Peru, experts estimate that more than 400,000 adults develop these growths each year, highlighting a significant public health challenge. The condition is not only a physical concern but can also affect emotional well-being and intimate relationships. A leading voice in Peruvian urology, Dr. Manuel Delgado Pacheco, emphasizes that awareness about recognizing, preventing, and addressing the impact of genital warts remains limited despite the high incidence.
Genital warts appear as bumps in the genital or anal regions and, in some cases, can involve the throat or mouth. Symptoms may include pain, itching, and discomfort during sexual activity. Fortunately, many cases respond to treatment, but the lesions frequently recur, underscoring the need for ongoing management and prevention strategies.
Recent Trends: Prevalence and Shifts in Peru
Peruvian health data from the Ministry of Health (MINSA) show a fluctuating yet concerning pattern. In 2023, MINSA reported 8,172 cases of anogenital warts, which declined to 5,418 in 2024—a 34% drop. Analysts attribute part of this decrease to the expansion of free HPV vaccination for adolescents and young people up to 18 years old. Despite this progress, about 88% of reported cases occur in the 18–60-year age group, a demographic less likely to have completed the state vaccination schedule.
These numbers reflect both biological risk and access to prevention, illustrating how vaccination, public health messaging, and routine medical care intersect to shape HPV-related outcomes in Peru.
What Causes Genital Warts and Who Is Most Affected
More than 90% of genital warts result from infections with HPV types 6 and 11. These strains typically produce visible warts rather than cancerous changes; however, the emotional and sexual health impact remains substantial. Studies indicate that infections can carry a psychological burden, particularly among women who notice visible lesions and worry about stigma, partner dynamics, and ongoing treatment needs.
Economic Impact: The Cost of Treatment in Peru
From a health economics perspective, the treatment of each HPV-related genital wart case costs the public system roughly US$60, primarily due to healthcare staff time and follow-up. Conservatively, annual expenditure on these cases surpasses US$25 million. While this figure is substantial, it could be mitigated through timely vaccination, comprehensive screening, and regular medical checkups that catch infections early and reduce the severity and recurrence of lesions.
Prevention and Care: The Most Important Messages
Vaccination remains the cornerstone of prevention. The HPV vaccine protects against the types most commonly associated with genital warts (types 6 and 11) and other HPV-related diseases. While condom use lowers transmission risk, it does not provide complete protection against HPV, which can infect areas not covered by a condom. Regular medical checkups enable early detection and prompt treatment, reducing both personal discomfort and the broader health system burden.
When a lesion or abnormality is suspected, individuals should seek care promptly for diagnosis and management. Treatments are typically effective, but recurrences are common, making adherence to follow-up appointments and ongoing surveillance essential. Beyond medical care, psychological support and patient education can help people cope with the social and emotional challenges associated with visible genital warts.
Concluding Thoughts: Vaccination and Vigilance as Primary Defenses
The Peruvian experience with HPV-related genital warts illustrates how vaccination programs, accessible healthcare, and public awareness together shape outcomes. Expanding vaccination beyond the youngest populations, encouraging routine checkups, and destigmatizing discussion around sexual health are key steps toward reducing both the health and financial burdens posed by HPV infections. By prioritizing prevention and timely treatment, Peru can continue to lower the incidence and impact of genital warts while improving quality of life for those affected.
