In a candid discussion with HT Lifestyle, Dr Swapnil Sharma, consultant in liver transplant and gastroenterology at Wockhardt Hospital, Mumbai Central, highlights the four liver issues most often seen in India. He stresses that many of these conditions are preventable with simple lifestyle choices and routine health checkups. The liver is a powerhouse—detoxifying the body, processing meals, and storing energy—yet it typically gives no warning until damage has grown substantial. With rising rates of unhealthy eating and sedentary habits, India is seeing a shift in liver disease patterns, he notes, underscoring the importance of awareness and prevention.
Are liver diseases preventable?
Dr Sharma emphasizes that the majority of liver diseases can be avoided through balanced living and preventive health checks. He says, “Most liver diseases can be prevented by making simple lifestyle changes. Eating well with a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, while limiting fried foods and processed items, supports liver health.” He also highlights the value of staying physically active—whether through regular exercise or a daily walk—to curb obesity, a major risk factor for fatty liver disease. Infections such as hepatitis A and E can be reduced by clean drinking water and good hygiene. Vaccination against hepatitis B provides strong protection, and minimizing unregulated injections or unsafe blood transfusions further lowers risk for hepatitis B and C.
In addition to these measures, Sharma urges people to keep up with preventive health screenings. A basic blood test to assess liver function, or an ultrasound to spot early warning signs, can detect issues before symptoms appear, enabling timely treatment and better outcomes.
The four most common liver diseases in Indians
Dr Sharma shares the conditions he most often encounters and explains their causes, prevention, and signs to watch for.
1) Fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Fatty liver disease is now one of the most prevalent concerns, occurring when excess fat accumulates in the liver. It is not limited to those who drink alcohol; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects many Indians, including younger adults. Poor diet, obesity, lack of exercise, and frequent consumption of fried foods and sugary beverages contribute to NAFLD. If left unchecked, NAFLD can progress to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, or even liver cancer. Prevention hinges on weight management, regular physical activity, and a heart-healthy diet that is low in added sugars and refined carbohydrates.
2) Viral hepatitis
Hepatitis A and E spread mainly through contaminated food or water, while hepatitis B and C are linked to infected blood, unsafe medical procedures, or unprotected sexual contact. Often there are no obvious symptoms until liver damage has occurred, which is why vaccination (HBV) and safe practices are essential. Protecting yourself includes safe food and water habits, vaccination, and avoiding unregulated injections or risky transfusions. Early detection through screening can dramatically improve outcomes.
3) Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis represents late-stage liver scarring, frequently associated with alcoholic liver disease. Chronic heavy drinking gradually damages liver tissue, increasing risk for irreversible harm. Even long-term moderate alcohol use can contribute to liver injury over time, so moderation is crucial. Other causes, such as chronic hepatitis infections, can also lead to cirrhosis if not managed. The key message is to limit alcohol intake and seek medical advice if liver-related symptoms arise.
4) Liver cancer
Liver cancer in India commonly arises as a complication of longstanding hepatitis infections or cirrhosis. Low awareness and late detection make treatment more challenging. Regular screening in high-risk groups and addressing underlying issues like hepatitis or cirrhosis can result in earlier diagnosis and better survival outcomes.
Practical tips for a healthier liver
– Embrace a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins; limit fried foods, sugary drinks, and highly processed items.
– Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly, plus daily movement such as walking.
– Ensure safe drinking water, uphold good hygiene, and get vaccinated for hepatitis B.
– Be cautious with injections and medical procedures; insist on safe, regulated healthcare services.
– Schedule periodic liver function tests and abdominal ultrasounds as advised by your clinician, especially if you’re at higher risk.
If you’re concerned about your liver health, consult a gastroenterologist or hepatologist for a personalized assessment. Early detection and lifestyle changes can make a meaningful difference in preventing the four most common liver diseases in India and preserving long-term liver health.
