The liver is one of the body’s most hard-working organs—quietly detoxifying and storing energy. Yet in recent years, India has seen a rise in liver diseases tied to lifestyle and dietary habits. Dr Swapnil Sharma, consultant for liver transplant and GI surgery at Wockhardt Hospital, Mumbai Central, shares insights with HT Lifestyle on the most common liver issues in India and how many can be prevented through healthier living.
The big question: Are liver diseases preventable?
According to Dr Sharma, a lot of liver problems can be prevented with simple lifestyle changes and regular health checkups. A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, paired with reduced intake of fried and processed foods, supports liver health. Regular physical activity helps prevent obesity, a major risk factor for fatty liver. The risk of liver infections from hepatitis A and E can be mitigated by safe water and good hygiene, while hepatitis B vaccination provides strong protection. Avoiding unregulated injections and unsafe blood transfusions further lowers risk for hepatitis B and C. Routine screening tests, such as liver function blood work and ultrasound when indicated, can detect issues early before symptoms appear.
The four most common liver diseases in India
Dr Sharma identifies four liver conditions that clinicians frequently encounter in India, along with their underlying causes and prevention strategies.
1) Fatty liver disease (NAFLD/NASH)
Fatty liver disease occurs when excess fat accumulates in the liver, often due to obesity, physical inactivity, and high intake of fried foods and sugary drinks. It is not limited to those who drink alcohol. In India, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is increasingly seen among youth as well. If left unchecked, NAFLD can progress to inflammation, fibrosis, cirrhosis, or even liver cancer. Prevention centers on maintaining a healthy weight, regular exercise, and a diet that’s high in fiber and low in saturated fats and sugars. Limiting alcohol consumption and avoiding sugar-sweetened beverages can also help protect the liver.
2) Viral hepatitis (A, E, B, C)
Hepatitis A and E spread through contaminated food and water, while hepatitis B and C are linked to infected blood, unsafe medical practices, or unprotected sex. Many people do not notice symptoms until liver damage has occurred, making early detection crucial. Safe food and water practices, vaccination for hepatitis B, and safeguarding medical procedures and transfusions significantly reduce risk. Public awareness and vaccination drive are essential components in preventing viral hepatitis at a population level.
3) Cirrhosis
Cirrhosis represents advanced scarring of the liver, most commonly from long‑term alcohol use or progression of fatty liver disease. Even moderate long‑term alcohol consumption can contribute to liver damage, and once cirrhosis develops, much of the damage is irreversible. Prevention hinges on avoiding heavy alcohol use, managing metabolic health to prevent NAFLD, and addressing other liver diseases early. Regular screening and treating underlying causes help slow progression and improve outcomes.
4) Liver cancer
Liver cancer in India is frequently a consequence of chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis. Late detection complicates treatment, underscoring the importance of vigilance among high‑risk groups and routine screening where appropriate. Management improves markedly with early diagnosis and timely intervention, including treating underlying hepatitis or addressing cirrhosis when possible.
<h2 Practical prevention and early-detection tips
To safeguard liver health, consider these practical steps: adopt a balanced, diverse diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains; limit fried foods, refined sugars, and processed foods; aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise weekly; maintain a healthy weight; ensure safe drinking water and good hygiene practices; get vaccinated against hepatitis B; avoid unsafe medical practices and unregulated injections; and schedule regular health checkups, including liver function tests and ultrasounds when recommended by your clinician. Early screening is especially important if you have risk factors such as obesity, diabetes, chronic liver disease in the family, or a history of hepatitis infection.
<h2 When to seek medical advice
If you notice persistent fatigue, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes), abdominal swelling, dark urine, or unexplained weight loss, consult a gastroenterologist or hepatologist promptly. Early consultation can help identify liver disease in its initial stages and increase the chances of successful treatment.
These insights from Dr Sharma highlight that many common liver diseases in India are preventable with simple lifestyle choices and timely screening. By prioritizing liver health, individuals can reduce their risk and improve overall well‑being.
