Introduction: A preventable toll from cardiovascular disease in the EU
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death across the European Union. In 2022, more than 1.7 million people died from cardiovascular conditions, accounting for about one in three deaths that year. While genetics and individual risk factors play a role, environmental factors contribute a significant portion of the burden. Estimates suggest that at least 18% of cardiovascular deaths are linked to modifiable environmental influences, underscoring the potential for public policy and community actions to save lives.
How the environment shapes heart health
The environment affects heart health in multiple ways. Air pollution, noise, heat exposure, and limited access to green spaces can raise blood pressure, promote inflammatory processes, and increase the incidence of conditions like stroke and heart attacks. Poor housing conditions, crowded cities, and insufficient access to safe walking and cycling routes can discourage physical activity, further elevating cardiovascular risk. Conversely, cleaner air, cooler and shaded neighborhoods, and abundant green spaces encourage activity, reduce stress, and improve overall cardiovascular resilience.
Air quality and cardiovascular outcomes
Particulate matter and noxious gases have well-documented links to heart disease. In the EU, cleaner air standards and targeted reductions in pollutants can lower the incidence of heart attacks and related hospitalizations. Policy measures that reduce emissions from industry, transport, and energy production translate into measurable gains for cardiovascular health, especially for vulnerable groups such as the elderly and people with existing conditions.
Urban design and physical activity
Urban planning that prioritizes walkability, safe cycling lanes, and accessible public transport makes daily movement a natural part of life. Cities that integrate parks, tree-lined streets, and water features create environments where people can stay active without needing a gym. Such changes not only improve cardiovascular outcomes but also contribute to mental well-being, reducing stress that can aggravate heart disease risk.
Economic and societal benefits of environmental action
Preventing cardiovascular deaths and reducing new cases has clear economic advantages. Fewer hospitalizations, lower long-term care costs, and reduced lost productivity translate into substantial savings for health systems and society. Investments in air quality improvements, heat mitigation, and urban greening deliver returns in the form of healthier populations and a more resilient economy. The EU’s coordinated approach to environmental health can amplify these benefits across member states, narrowing health disparities between regions.
Policy pathways to reduce environmentally driven cardiovascular risk
Several policy levers can drive reductions in cardiovascular deaths tied to the environment. Strengthening air quality standards and accelerating the transition to clean energy reduce exposure to harmful pollutants. Expanding green infrastructure—such as parks and urban forests—in cities provides spaces for recreation and stress relief. Heat action plans, cooling centers, and building codes that improve insulation and ventilation help protect communities during extreme weather. Importantly, health impact assessments should accompany major environment and transport projects to anticipate cardiovascular effects and optimize outcomes.
What individuals can do now
People can advocate for cleaner air and healthier neighborhoods, choose active transportation when possible, and support local policies that promote sustainable urban design. While individual actions are essential, the bulk of impact comes from systemic changes led by policymakers and businesses that align environmental health with cardiovascular health goals.
Conclusion: Turning environmental risk into cardiovascular protection
With an estimated 18% of cardiovascular deaths linked to environmental factors, the EU has a meaningful opportunity to save lives by prioritizing air quality, green spaces, and climate-resilient urban design. By aligning health and environmental policies, Europe can reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease while creating healthier, more livable communities for generations to come.
