Understanding the gender gap in arthritis
Arthritis is a broad term for conditions that cause joint inflammation and stiffness. While it affects people worldwide, research consistently shows that women bear a disproportionate burden. Studies indicate that women are nearly three times more likely than men to develop conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and certain forms of osteoarthritis (OA). On World Arthritis Day, experts highlight five key factors that help explain why women are at higher risk and what steps they can take to protect their joint health.
1) Hormonal factors and estrogen’s role
Hormones play a central role in bone and joint health. Estrogen helps maintain bone density and joint tissue integrity. After menopause, estrogen levels decline, which can trigger increased inflammation and accelerated joint degeneration. This hormonal shift is a major reason many postmenopausal women experience a rise in arthritis symptoms. While not the sole cause, the hormonal landscape of aging women creates a vulnerability window that clinicians monitor closely for early signs of joint trouble.
2) Autoimmune predisposition in women
Women naturally mount a more robust immune response, which is beneficial for fighting infections but can backfire when it comes to autoimmune diseases. Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus are autoimmune by nature and are markedly more common in women. In these diseases, the immune system may mistakenly attack joint tissues, leading to pain, swelling, and stiffness. Recognizing autoimmune tendencies allows for earlier diagnosis and targeted treatment, potentially slowing joint damage.
3) Joint structure, biomechanics, and load
Anatomical differences influence arthritis risk. On average, women have wider hips and different pelvic alignment, which affects overall body biomechanics. These variations can shift loads through the knees and hips, increasing the stress on weight-bearing joints. Over time, especially with weight gain or repetitive strain from daily activities, this altered biomechanics can contribute to OA in the knees and hips and amplify discomfort in susceptible individuals.
4) Pregnancy, childbirth, and long-term joint health
Pregnancy introduces hormonal and physical changes that temporarily loosen ligaments and alter joint stability. While this is a normal part of reproduction, multiple pregnancies, significant weight gain, or insufficient postnatal care can create lingering effects on joint stability. In the lower back, knees, and ankles, these changes may translate into ongoing discomfort or a higher risk of developing arthritis later in life. Close monitoring during and after pregnancy supports better long-term joint outcomes.
5) Lifestyle, weight, and activity levels
Weight fluctuations driven by hormonal cycles, pregnancy, and menopause can place extra pressure on joints, especially the knees and hips. Carrying excess weight accelerates cartilage wear and tear, increasing the likelihood of arthritis symptoms. In addition, sedentary habits and a lack of regular muscle-strengthening activities contribute to joint weakness, which can compound pain and stiffness. A holistic approach that combines weight management with regular, joint-friendly movement helps reduce overall arthritis risk and improves quality of life.
Practical steps to reduce arthritis risk
Dr. Ashwani Maichand, Director of Orthopedics at CK Birla Hospital, emphasizes lifestyle strategies that support joint health. Implementing these habits can help women maintain mobility and independence as they age:
- Maintain a healthy weight: Small, steady reductions can ease pressure on weight-bearing joints and slow cartilage wear.
- Stay active with low-impact exercise: Activities such as swimming, yoga, and brisk walking promote flexibility and strengthen the muscles that support joints without excessive joint strain.
- Adopt anti-inflammatory foods: Include omega-3 rich fish, nuts, leafy greens, and a colorful mix of fruits to support overall joint health.
- Protect joints through good posture and variety of movement: Avoid repetitive strain and incorporate rest periods; ergonomic adjustments can help in daily tasks.
Early awareness, proactive care, and consistent healthy habits can substantially reduce the risk and impact of arthritis in women. If joint pain or stiffness persists, especially after age 40 or following pregnancies, seeking professional evaluation can lead to earlier interventions and better long-term outcomes.
